Introduction
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) are generally named after the lab or individual that first identified them. Each lab or individual is assigned a letter or series of letters, with the number following it representing the number of SNPs they have identified. For example, FT1 was the first SNP identified by the FamilyTreeDNA BigY-700 test. FT2 was the second, and so on. Here is a complete list of all SNP name prefixes.
A = Thomas Krahn, MSc (Dipl.-Ing.) - YSEQ.net, Berlin, Germany
ACT = Ancient-Tales Institute of Anthropology; Enlighten BioTech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
AD = Dr. Mohammed Al Sharija, Ministry of Education (Kuwait)
AF = Fernando Mendez, Ph.D. - University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
ALK = Ahmad Al Khuraiji
AM or AMM = Laboratory of Forensic Genetics and Molecular Archaeology - UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
B = Estonian Genome Centre
BY = Big Y testing (next generation sequencing) discovered with the Big Y or Big Y-500 - Family Tree DNA, Houston, Texas
BZ = Q-M242 Project - Family Tree DNA, Houston, TX (SNPs named in honor of Barry Zwick)
CTS = Chris Tyler-Smith, Ph.D. - The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, England
DC = Dál Cais - An Irish group believed to be descended from Cas, b. CE 347, related to SNP R-L226; Dennis Wright
DF = Anonymous researcher using publicly available full-genome-sequence data, including 1000 Genomes Project data;( named in honor of the DNA-Forums.org genetic genealogy community)
E = Bulat Muratov
F = Li Jin, Ph.D. - Fudan University, Shanghai, China
F* = Chuan-Chao Wang; Hui Li - Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Beginning letter F; second letter Haplogroup, i.e. FI is Fudan Haplogroup I)
FGC = Full Genomes Corp. of Virginia and Maryland
FT = Big Y testing (next generation sequencing) discovered with the Big Y-700, Family Tree DNA, Houston, Texas
G = Verónica Gomes - IPATIMUP Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto)
GG = Vavilov Institute of General Genetics - Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
IMS-JST = Institute of Medical Science - Japan Science and Technology Agency
JD = David Stedman (using Big Y and other NGS sources)
JFS = John Sloan
JN = Jakob Nortsedt-Moberg
K = Youngmin JeongAhn, Ph.D of Education - Seoul National University and the University of Arizona
KHS = Functional Genomics Research Center - Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology
KL = Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology - School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
KMS = Albert Katchiev; Prof. Elsa Khusnutdinova, Sc.D. of Biological Sciences - Laboratory of Molecular Human Genetics, Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences; Anatole Klyosov; Segdul Kodzhakov; Astrid Krahn; Thomas Krahn; Chris Morley; Bulat Muratov; Pavel Shvarev; Vadim Sozinov; Ramil Suyunov; SF "National clans DNA project"; EHP "Suyun", Ph.D. of Technical Science
L = Thomas Krahn, MSc (Dipl.-Ing.) - formerly of Family Tree DNA's Genomics Research Center (SNPs named in honor of the late Leo Little)
M = Peter Underhill, Ph.D. - Stanford University
MC = Christopher McCown - University of Florida; Thomas Krahn, MSc (Dipl.-Ing.) - YSEQ.net, Berlin, Germany
MF = 23mofang BioTech Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
MPB = Thomaz Pinotti and Fabrício R. Santos - Laboratório de Biodiversidade e Evolução Molecular (LBEM), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
MZ = Hamma Bachir, Ph.D.; E-M183 Project
N = The Laboratory of Bioinformatics - Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
NWT = Northwest Territory, Theodore G. Schurr, Ph.D. - Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
P = Michael Hammer, Ph.D. - University of Arizona
Page, PAGES or PS = David C. Page - Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research
PF = Paolo Francalacci, Ph.D. - Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
PH = Pille Hallast, Ph.D. - University of Leicester, Department of Genetics, United Kingdom
PK = Biomedical and Genetic Engineering Laboratories, Islamabad, Pakistan
PLE = Stanislaw Plewako, M. Sci - Baltic Sea DNA Project.
PR = Primate (gorilla and chimpanzee), Thomas Krahn's WTTY. Discovered while testing non-human primate Y chromosomes and comparing them to modern humans. They would not otherwise have been detected, since all modern humans have them.
RC = Major Rory Cain, BA(hons), BEd, BSc.
S = James F. Wilson, D.Phil. - Edinburgh University
SA = South America, Theodore G. Schurr, Ph.D. - Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
SK = Mark Stoneking, Ph.D. - Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
SUR = Southern Ural, SF "National clans DNA project"; B.A. Muratov; EHP "Suyun" Ph.D. of Technical Sciences; Ramil Suyunov; Prof. E.K. Khusnutdinova, Sc.D. of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Human Genetics, Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Centre Russian Academy of Sciences; Alexander Zolotarev; Igor Rozhanskii; Bayazit Yunusbaev, Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences
TSC = Gudmundur A. Thorisson and Lincoln D. Stein; The SNP Consortium; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
U = Jack Ballantyne, Ph.D. - University of Central Florida; ; Dennis Garvey, Ph.D. - Gonzaga University; Lynn M. Sims - University of Central Florida
V = Rosaria Scozzari and Fulvio Cruciani - Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin” , Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
VK = Viacheslav Kudryashov
VL = Vladimir Volkov - Tomsk University, Russia
Y = Y Full Team (Russian) using data from published and commercial next-generation sequencing samples
YP = SNPs identified by citizen scientists from genetic tests, then submitted to the Y Full team for verification.
YSC = Thomas Krahn, MSc (Dipl.-Ing.) - Formerly of Family Tree DNA's Genomics Research Center
Z = Ray H. Banks; Steve Fix; Gareth Henson; Thomas Krahn, MSc (Dipl.-Ing.); Gregory Magoon, Ph.D.; Victar Mas; Peter M. Op den Velde Boots; David F. Reynolds; Richard Rocca; Christian Rottensteiner; Bonnie Schrack; John Sloan and an anonymous individual; Roman Sychev; Vince Tilroe; Alexander R. Williamson; Ph.D.; independent researchers of publicly available whole genome sequence datasets, with support from the genetic genealogy community.
ZP = Peter M. Op den Velde Boots, David Stedman using Big Y and other NGS sources.
ZQ = Gabit Baimbetov and Nurbol Baimukhanov - ShejireDNA project
ZS = Gregory Magoon, Ph.D. and Aaron Salles Torres from samples from Full Genomes and the Big Y
ZW = Michael W. Walsh using Big Y.
ZZ = Alex Williamson. Mutations in palindromic regions. Each ZZ prefix represents two possible SNP locations.
SNP name List courtesy of International Society of Genetic Genealogy. Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2019, Version: 15.73 , Date: 11 July 2020, http://www.isogg.org/tree/ accessed 10.4.2024.
Last updated - 30 May 2026